Addressing the ‘double gap’ faced by Black women in the U.S. economy
In my testimony before the Joint Economic Committee of the U.S. Congress this past summer, I presented some of the findings from my 2020 report, “The “Double Gap” and the Bottom Line: African American Women’s Wage Gap and Corporate Profits.” My research and my testimony that day highlights one of the most persistently pernicious wage inequalities in the United States today: Black women workers earn the least in wages on average, compared to their working counterparts among White men, White women, and Black men.
This “double gap” is a result of the intersecting effects of the racial wage gap—Black workers overall earn on average less than White workers—and the gender wage gap—women overall on average earn less than men. How big is this double gap? Well, the Institute for Women’s Policy Research finds that in 2019, women’s median annual earnings were about 81 percent of men’s. And according to the findings of the National Women’s Law Center, Black women earn about 61 cents for every dollar that non-Hispanic White men earn.
But these analyses do not take into account the complex factors that play a role in wage disparities for women, and women of color in particular. Among them are occupational crowding based on sex, gender socialization, employer bias, historical exclusionary practices on the part of unions, and the “motherhood penalty.” And these and other analyses do not fully account for the many and varied consequences of centuries of racial discrimination against Black Americans that remain very evident today.
The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics detailed this double gap in June 2020, releasing data on average weekly and annual salaries broken out by race and gender:
- White Men: $1,115 weekly, $58,000 annually
- Black Men: $828 weekly, $43,000 annually
- White Women: $929 weekly, $48,300 annually
- Black Women: $779 weekly, $40,500 annually
This is wage inequality by race and gender in a nutshell. I estimate this double gender-and-race wage gap costs Black women workers approximately $50 billion in involuntarily forfeited earnings, a large and recurring annual loss to the Black community.
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In my testimony before Congress in June, I presented five ways in which this double gap could be closed:
- Pass state and/or federal laws that prohibit employers from requesting previous salary histories from job applicants
- Pass state and/or federal laws requiring pay transparency in the private, for-profit sector
- Revise the so-called EEO-1 Form that employers are required to regularly submit to include compensation data so that the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission can better “support civil rights enforcement” in the wage arena
- Make tuition free at community colleges and public colleges and universities throughout the United States to help more Black women afford to complete college
- Raise the federal minimum wage
Funding more academic research on the double gap and analyzing an array of policy solutions in addition to the ones I presented to Congress earlier this year will be one of my top priorities as the president and CEO of the Washington Center for Equitable Growth. Sustainable economic growth and stability alongside growing racial equity are inseparable.
