As Cosma Shalizi Says, “The Singularity Is in Our Past”

Cursor and Preview of As Cosma Shalizi Says The Singularity Is in Our Past Hoisted from the Archives

: As Cosma Shalizi (2010) Says, “The Singularity Is in Our Past”: Look at the bleeding edge of urban North Atlantic or East Asian civilization, and you see a world fundamentally unlike any human past. Hunting, gathering, farming, herding, spinning and weaving, cleaning, digging, smelting metal and shaping wood, assembling structures–all of the ‘in the sweate of thy face shalt thou eate bread’ things that typical humans have typically done since we became jumped-up monkeys on the East African veldt–are now the occupations of a small and dwindling proportion of humans.

And where we do have farmers, herdsmen, manufacturing workers, construction workers, and miners, they are overwhelmingly controllers of machines and increasingly programmers of robots. They are no longer people who make or shape things–facture–with their hands–manu.

At the bleeding edge of the urban North Atlantic and East Asia today, few focus on making more of necessities. There are enough calories that it is not necessary that anybody need be hungry. There is nough shelter that it is not necessary that anybody need be wet. There is enough clothing that it is not necessary that anybody need be cold. And enough stuff to aid daily life that nobody need feel under the pressure of lack of something necessary. We are not in the realm of necessity.

What do modern people do? Increasingly, they push forward the corpus of technological and scientific knowledge. They educate each other. They doctor each other. They nurse each other. They care for the young and the old. They entertain each other. They provide other services for each other to take advantage of the benefits of specialization. And they engage in complicated symbolic interactions that have the emergent effect of distributing status and power and coordinating the seven-billion person division of labor of today’s economy. We have crossed a great divide between what we used to do in all previous human history and what we do now. Since we are not in the realm of necessity, we ought to be in the realm of freedom.

But although we have largely set these post-agrarian post-industrial patterns for the next stage of human history, the human world of this next stage is only half-made. The future is already here–it is just not evenly distributed. Of the 7.2 billion people alive in the world today, at least 25% billion still live lives that are hard to distinguish from the lives of our pre-industrial ancestors. Only 5% of today’s world population lives in countries where income per capita is greater than $40,000 per year; only 10% lives in countries where income per capita is greater than $20,000 per year.

The bulk of the world’s population is on the stairway to modernity. The patterns are set. The top of the stairway is visible–although it is not clear which top we shall reach: many possible tops are immanent in the patterns. Nevertheless, the climb will be hard. And that is what much of the history of the twenty-first and twenty-second centuries is likely to be about.

So how did this great transformation happen? And how did the way it happened shape who we are now and who we will be in the future?

The traditional tools, practices, patterns, and molds of history are not as much help in telling this story as one might hope. The history of how the world was greatly transformed is primarily economic and technological, and secondarily political and social. But historians are not used to placing the economic and technological in first place. In the study of any period back before 1800, there is no way that economic history can be seen as even one of the principal axes. Before 1800, most history at even the century-level–let alone the decade-level or the year-level–could not be economic history. History is change. And before 1800 economic factors changed only slowly. The structure and functioning of the economy at the end of any given century was pretty close to what it had been at the beginning.

The economy was then was much more the background against which the action of a play takes place than like a dynamic foreground character. Changes in humanity’s economy–how people made, distributed, and consumed the material necessities and conveniences of their lives–required long exposures to become visible. Economic history could be–indeed, had to be–a specialized ‘long duration’ history. It required a scope of perhaps 500 years, if not more, to be properly placed in the foreground of any historical canvas. And even then the story told was of recurrent patterns and cycles rather than development and change.

But since 1750 or so things have been different. The pace of economic change has been so great as to shake the rest of history to its foundation. For perhaps the first time, the making and using the necessities and conveniences of daily life–and how production, distribution, and consumption changed–has been the driving force behind a single century’s history. Even in the most long-established of professions, the pattern and rhythm of work life today is so very different from that of our ancestors as to be almost unrecognizable. It is these changes in production and also in home life and consumption, and the reactions to them, that make up the center ring action of the history that has made us who we are.

This post-1750 history takes place in two stages. The first stage is the nineteenth century: the century of the British Industrial Revolution. Call it 1750-1870. It opens up the possibilities. The second stage is the twentieth century. Call it 1870-2010. It sets the patterns into which the human world is likely to grow in the future.

Cosma Shalizi (2010): The Singularity in Our Past Light-Cone (November 28) http://bactra.org/weblog/699.html

Must-Read: Cosma Shalizi (2014): Review of Oliver Morton (2008): Eating the Sun: How Plants Power the Planet

Must-Read: Cosma Shalizi (2014): [Review of Oliver Morton (2008): “Eating the Sun: How Plants Power the Planet”][]:

Of Heliophagy: I cannot remember the last time I read a popular science book with such enjoyment, or learned so much from it….

Photosynthesis… relayed by telling the story of how we came to… understanding… the lives of its discoverers… biochemistry… isotopes and radioactive decay… molecular bonding and the interaction of light and electricity, the biophysics of free energy flow through cells and through molecules, crystallography, the molecular biology which let us isolate and manipulate individual enzymes, and so on…. discovery, rivalry, insights and false paths, human and biological ingenuity, and ultimately a deep understanding of one of the fundamental processes of life as we know it….

The evolution of photosynthesis… everything from the origin of life to plate tectonics to the spread of grasses over the last few million years. Again, much of it is told through stories of discovery and the history of the science. It is necessarily more conjectural than the very settled science of how photosynthesis works, but none the less fascinating for all that. The… “climate/carbon crisis”. Agriculture already had non-trivial impacts on climate, but our real change began with the Industrial Revolution and the vast growth in consuming fossil fuels…. Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has already drastically increased… is good at trapping heat radiated back from the ground… warm[ing] the Earth. The exact effects depend on incredibly complicated and ill-understood feedback processes…. To take these uncertainties as ground for complacency, though, seems grotesque.

Our global civilization runs at something like 40 terawatts…. Tidal and geothermal energy are too localized and small-scale…. Nuclear fission looks more attractive when one compares long-lived radioactive waste to long-lived carbon dioxide as a pollutant, but there are very real practical obstacles. All our other options are ultimately solar…. Morton is very hopeful about the last two, and especially about what real molecular engineering might be able to do in the space intermediate between photovoltaic plates (high efficiency, but also high cost) and naturally-occurring leaves (low efficiency, but they grow)…. A marvelous book, filled with wonders: I strongly urge you to encounter them for yourself.

Must-read: Cosma Shalizi (2011): “When Bayesians Can’t Handle the Truth”

Must-Read: So I was teaching Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson’s “Atlantic Trade” paper last week, and pointing out that (a) eighteenth-century England is a hugely-influential observation at the very edge of the range of the independent variables in the regression, and (b) it carries a huge residual even with a large estimated coefficient on Atlantic trade interacted with representative government. The huge residual, I said, means that the computer is saying: “I really do not like this model”. The rejection of a null hypothesis on the coefficient of interest is the computer saying “even though the model with a large coefficient is very unlikely, the model with a zero coefficient is very very very unlikely”. But, I said, Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson do not let their computer say the first statement, but only the second.

And so I thought of Cosma Shalizi and his:

Cosma Shalizi (2011): When Bayesians Can’t Handle the Truth: “When should a frequentist expect Bayesian updating to work?…

…There are elegant results on the consistency of Bayesian updating for well-specified models facing IID or Markovian data, but both completely correct models and fully observed states are vanishingly rare. In this talk, I give conditions for posterior convergence that hold when the prior excludes the truth, which may have complex dependencies. The key dynamical assumption is the convergence of time-averaged log likelihoods (Shannon- McMillan-Breiman property). The main statistical assumption is a building into the prior a form of capacity control related to the method of sieves. With these, I derive posterior convergence and a large deviations principle for the posterior, even in infinite- dimensional hypothesis spaces, extending in some cases to the rates of convergence; and clarify role of the prior and of model averaging as regularization devices. Paper: http://projecteuclid.org/euclid.ejs/1256822130