This research proposal seeks to answer three related questions regarding the barriers to accessing Unemployment Insurance benefits. First, what are the underlying causes of incomplete UI take-up for individual workers? Second, do the barriers to take-up disproportionately impact low-income, marginalized workers in a way that creates inequities in the UI program? Third, in what ways can outreach from workforce agencies boost UI take-up to better support workers and reduce inequities? To answer these questions, the author will utilize administrative data from the Washington State Employment Security Department. He will then field a survey of unemployed workers and combine findings with an analysis of administrative records. Together, this will inform the implementation of a field experiment, administered in partnership with the Employment Security Department, to explore how UI receipt can be increased, particularly for vulnerable populations.

This research explores how worker-led lawsuits under California’s Private Attorneys General Act, or PAGA, impact firm size, survival, relocation decision, employment, and wages. The author will rely on two main data sources. First, she will leverage publicly available administrative data on PAGA claims and settlements from California’s Department of Industrial Relations. While PAGA claims data are publicly available online through PAGA Case Search tool, they have yet to be compiled and published in a way that facilitates research. Compilation, cleaning, and creation of this dataset to be made publicly available is an important contribution of this project. It is also critical to understand whether the Private Attorneys General Act is an effective tool for supporting worker rights.   

During the COVID-19 lockdowns, forgivable loans or grants to firms became a large-scale countercyclical income support strategy. This project studies the effect of such programs on short- and medium-run outcomes for U.S. firms and workers using $125 million in grants to 12,129 small businesses administered by the state of Minnesota via random lottery. The dataset will link the full set of program applicants and awardees to business and individual tax records and to credit histories. The authors will use the random assignment of grants to investigate the causal impact of loans on firm employment and payroll, borrowing and delinquency, and worker attachment to recipient firms. The Minnesota program closely mirrors the design of the federal Paycheck Protection Program but provides for a much cleaner research design due to the random lottery for recipients. Supporting small businesses during economic downturns is critical, but more evidence is needed to inform effective policy design of direct support to firms. This research promises to provide such evidence.

In contrast to the wide literature on the effects of permanent business wage subsidies on employment and wages, which generally finds small effects, less research has examined the effects of temporary wage subsidies on labor markets. In response to the economic shock induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, the U.S. federal government created the Employee Retention Tax Credit, or ERTC, to aid businesses adversely affected by the pandemic and stay-at-home orders. The tax credit provided businesses a maximum of $26,000 per worker over the 2020–2021 period, depending on firm size and the fiscal quarters in which the worker was furloughed vs. employed. Using matched employer-employee data from a payroll processing company covering one-twelfth of the U.S. private-sector workforce, the author will study the effects of the Employee Retention Tax Credit on employment, payroll, and small business reopening. We know relatively little about how to efficiently and effectively help firms during recessions. This research can inform policy design intended to preserve job matches, both to protect workers from the consequences of a recession and to lead to a strong economic recovery.

Unemployment Insurance was a critical component of the federal fiscal response to the COVID-19 recession. Yet one of the UI system’s most promising job retention programs used in many other countries—Short-Time Compensation—was underutilized in the United States, despite substantial federal subsidies to states. Through Short-Time Compensation, employers reduce hours for a group of workers who receive prorated UI benefits and maintain job benefits. Despite having bipartisan support, little is known about this program’s effectiveness due to a lack of data on it. This project harnesses unique administrative data and an ongoing partnership in California to evaluate the impact of Short-Time Compensation on different workers and employers during the pandemic. The outcomes the research seeks to address are: STC awareness and use, partial UI use and full UI use, worker outcomes, and firm outcomes. To evaluate heterogeneity in outcomes, the authors will analyze outcomes by worker characteristics, including age, gender, and prior earnings, and firm characteristics, including firm size, industry, geography, and wage bill size. To help improve take-up during the next recession and obtain the first causal impacts of Short-Time Compensation, the authors will use an encouragement design experiment to estimate the effect of randomized promotion on employer awareness of the program and its impact on worker and firm outcomes.

Governments around the world provided substantial support to individuals and firms throughout the COVID-19 pandemic. This project will study the effects of the stimulus payments provided to U.S. individuals through the Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act, or CARES, Act. Comprising $2.2 trillion in spending, this bill included $300 billion in stimulus payments to individuals at the onset of the pandemic. Using data on the universe of U.S. federal tax returns for individuals and firms, the authors plan to estimate the effects of stimulus payments on labor market outcomes. The data allow the authors to link stimulus payments with labor market outcomes, including salaried employment, contract jobs, unemployment, and entrepreneurship. The authors plan to implement a regression kink design to identify the effects of stimulus payments on labor market outcomes. The project is poised to contribute to our understanding of the effects of fiscal stimulus during the COVID-19 pandemic on the labor market choices of individuals.